What is Supraspinal mechanism?
Systemic application of an analgesic able to cross the blood–brain barrier can result in pain modulation via interaction with targets at different sites in the central nervous system. A so-called supraspinal mechanism of action indicates manipulation of a brain-defined circuitry.
What is Supraspinal pain?
This supraspinal pain modulation is mediated by networks distributed throughout the limbic system and midbrain which exert their control at the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, via anti- and pro-nociceptive descending pathways arising in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) [4–6,10].
What is the pain modulatory system?
The descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) constitutes a network of widely distributed brain regions whose integrated function is essential for effective modulation of sensory input to the central nervous system and behavioural responses to pain.
What is descending serotonergic pathways?
The descending serotonergic pathways originate from the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), which is one of the rich-5-HT nuclei (Millan, 2002; Boadas-Vaello et al., 2016). The locus coeruleus (LC) which can release the NA into the SDH, constitutes the source of descending noradrenergic pathways (Jones, 1991).
What is Supraspinal control?
The supraspinal control of locomotion includes forebrain structures, specific locomotor centers in the forebrain and brainstem, and command cells in the lower brainstem that activate the spinal CPGs (Fig. 1). The detailed contribution of forebrain structures to locomotion has not been resolved yet.
What are Supraspinal circuits?
The supraspinal circuit involves input from the brain or brainstem to process stimuli. Key Terms. motor neuron: a neuron located in the central nervous system that projects its axon outside the CNS and directly or indirectly controls muscles.
What is the function of the supraspinal descending inhibitory motor pathways?
briefly explain the function of the supraspinal descending inhibitory motor pathways. they modulate reflex arc sensitivity, normally preventing hypereflexia, or exaggerated reflexes. there are two pathways by which the jendrassik maneuver facilitates alpha motor neuron output.
What is GREY and white matter?
The white matter refers to those parts of the brain and spinal cord that are responsible for communication between the various gray matter regions and between the gray matter and the rest of the body. In essence, the gray matter is where the processing is done and the white matter is the channels of communication.
What is Supraspinal reflex?
Supraspinal control of the stretch reflex means the signal travels above the spinal cord before traveling back down to the same segment it entered the spinal cord from.
What are the classification of analgesics?
Analgesics may be classified into two types: anti-inflammatory drugs, which alleviate pain by reducing local inflammatory responses; and the opioids, which act on the brain. The opioid analgesics were once called narcotic drugs because they can induce sleep.
What are the two types of pain management?
Key pain management strategies include:
- pain medicines.
- physical therapies (such as heat or cold packs, massage, hydrotherapy and exercise)
- psychological therapies (such as cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation techniques and meditation)
- mind and body techniques (such as acupuncture)
- community support groups.
What is the supraspinal mechanism of action of analgesics?
Systemic application of an analgesic able to cross the blood-brain barrier can result in pain modulation via interaction with targets at different sites in the central nervous system. A so-called supraspinal mechanism of action indicates manipulation of a brain-defined circuitry.
Why is supraspinal administration preferred for anesthesia administration?
To study the neuronal mechanism of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, one desires to deliver the anesthetic agent selectively to the brain as much as possible. There are two major reasons for supraspinal as opposed to systemic administration.
Can pain be understood without knowing about supraspinal mechanisms?
Neither normal nor pathologic pain can be understood without knowledge about supraspinal mechanisms. The multidimensionality of pain with mainly sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective components has its anatomic counterparts in a variety of supraspinal areas, which are involved in pain processing.
What is the cranial nerve–mediated sensory response to propofol?
As to the three cranial nerve–mediated sensory responses (VOCR), all four agents suppressed the response, although the degree of suppression was varied. Pentobarbital and propofol caused a complete disappearance of the VOCR, whereas fentanyl and midazolam exerted a partial effect.